What is the Axiology of Moral Objectivity?
by © diane green
The axiology or school of thought on moral objectivity is a philosophical exploration of the nature and origin of ethical values, particularly focusing on the idea that these values exist independently of human opinion or cultural norms. In essence, it examines whether moral truths are objective, universal, and binding on all individuals, akin to scientific facts. This concept is often contrasted with moral relativism, which speculates that morality is subjective and varies across cultures and individuals.
A fundamental principle in the axiology of moral objectivity is the belief in moral realism. Moral realists assert that ethical facts exist as features of the world, much like physical properties such as mass or color. These moral facts are not mere expressions of personal preference or social convention but have an independent existence that can be discovered through reason and observation. This stance implies that actions can be objectively right or wrong, regardless of what anyone believes.
One of the main arguments for moral objectivity is grounded in the universality of certain moral principles. Across different cultures and historical periods, certain moral values, such as the prohibition against murder, appear to be consistently recognized and upheld. This suggests that these values are not arbitrary but reflect fundamental truths about human nature and well-being. Additionally, our moral intuitions and judgments often feel objective, as if we are discovering moral truths rather than inventing them.
Another argument supporting moral objectivity is the concept of moral progress. If morality were entirely relative, the notion of moral progress would be incoherent. However, history has witnessed significant moral advancements, such as the abolition of slavery and the expansion of civil rights. These changes suggest that we are moving closer to a truer understanding of moral principles, implying that there are objective moral standards to strive towards.
Furthermore, the axiology of moral objectivity often draws upon the concept of moral reasons. Moral reasons are considerations that justify or explain why an action is morally right or wrong. These reasons are not merely subjective preferences but are grounded in objective features of the world and human nature. For example, the reason why lying is generally considered wrong is that it undermines trust and harms relationships, which are essential for human flourishing.
However, the axiology of moral objectivity also faces significant challenges. One major objection is the problem of moral disagreement. If moral truths are objective, why do people disagree so profoundly about moral issues? This diversity of moral views seems to support moral relativism. However, proponents of objectivity argue that moral disagreement does not necessarily undermine the existence of objective moral truths. Disagreements can arise from errors in reasoning, biased perspectives, or lack of information.
Another challenge is the difficulty of providing a clear account of how we access objective moral truths. Unlike scientific facts, which can be verified through empirical observation, moral truths seem to be accessed through intuition and reasoning. This raises questions about the reliability of our moral intuitions and the potential for bias in our moral reasoning.
Despite these challenges, the axiology of moral objectivity remains a vibrant and important area of philosophical inquiry. It offers a compelling framework for understanding the nature of morality and its role in our lives. By exploring the origins and foundations of moral values, it provides insights into how we can make better moral decisions and create a more just and ethical society.
In conclusion, the axiology of moral objectivity is a complex and multifaceted field that explores the nature and origin of moral values. While it faces significant challenges, it offers a compelling vision of morality as grounded in objective truths that can be discovered through reason and observation. By examining the arguments for and against moral objectivity, we can gain a deeper understanding of the nature of morality and its role in shaping our lives and society.